SOFTSKILL; BAHASA INGGRIS 2

Pronoun

In linguistics and grammar, a pronoun (Lat: pronomen) is a pro-form that substitutes for a noun (or noun phrase), such as, in English, the words it(substituting for the name of a certain object) and she (substituting for the female name of a person). The replaced noun is called the antecedent of the pronoun.

For example, consider the sentence “Lisa gave the coat to Phil.” All three nouns in the sentence can be replaced by pronouns: “She gave it to him.” If the coat, Lisa, and Phil have been previously mentioned, the listener can deduce what the pronouns she, it and him refer to and therefore understand the meaning of the sentence; however, if the sentence “She gave it to him.” is the first presentation of the idea, none of the pronouns have antecedents, and each pronoun is therefore ambiguous. Pronouns without antecedents are also called unprecursed pronouns. English grammar allows pronouns to potentially have multiple candidate antecedents. The process of determining which antecedent was intended is known as anaphore resolution.

Types of pronouns

Common types of pronouns found in the world’s languages are as follows:

• Personal pronounsstand in place of the names of people or things:
  • Subject pronouns are used when the person or thing is the subjectof the sentence or clause. English example: I like to eat chips, butshe does not.
    • Second person formal and informal pronouns (T-V distinction). For example, vous and tu in French. There is no distinction in modern English though Elizabethan English marked the distinction with “thou” (singular informal) and “you” (plural or singular formal).
    • Inclusive and exclusive “we” pronouns indicate whether the audience is included. There is no distinction in English.
    • Intensive pronouns, also known as emphatic pronouns, re-emphasize a noun or pronoun that has already been mentioned. English uses the same forms as the reflexive pronouns; for example: I did it myself (contrast reflexive use,I did it to myself).
  • Object pronouns are used when the person or thing is the object of the sentence or clause. English example: John likes me but not her.
    • Direct and indirect object pronouns. English uses the sameoblique form for both; for example: Mary loves him (direct object); Mary sent him a letter (indirect object).
    • Reflexive pronouns are used when a person or thing acts on itself. English example: John cut himself.
    • Reciprocal pronouns refer to a reciprocal relationship. English example: They do not like each other.
  • Prepositional pronouns come after a preposition. No distinct forms exist in English; for example: Anna and Maria looked at him.
  • Disjunctive pronouns are used in isolation or in certain other special grammatical contexts. No distinct forms exist in English; for example: Who does this belong to? Me.
  • Dummy pronouns are used when grammatical rules require a noun (or pronoun), but none is semantically required. English example: Itis raining.
  • Weak pronouns.
• Possessive pronouns are used to indicate possessionor ownership.
  • In a strict sense, the possessive pronouns are only those that act syntactically as nouns. English example: Those clothes are mine.
  • Often, though, the term “possessive pronoun” is also applied to the so-called possessive adjectives (or possessive determiners). For example, in English: I lost my wallet. They are not strictly speaking pronouns^{[citation needed]} because they do not substitute for a noun or noun phrase, and as such, some grammarians classify these terms in a separate lexical category called determiners (they have a syntactic role close to that of adjectives, always qualifying a noun).
• Demonstrative pronouns distinguish the particular objects or people that are referred to from other possible candidates. English example: I’ll takethese.
• Indefinite pronouns refer to general categories of people or things. English example: Anyone can do that.
  • Distributive pronouns are used to refer to members of a group separately rather than collectively. English example: To each his own.
  • Negative pronouns indicate the non-existence of people or things. English example: Nobody thinks that.
• Relative pronouns refer back to people or things previously mentioned. English example: People who smoke should quit now.
  • Indefinite relative pronouns have some of the properties of both relative pronouns and indefinite pronouns. They have a sense of “referring back”, but the person or thing to which they refer has not previously been explicitly named. English example: I know what I like.
• Interrogative pronouns ask which person or thing is meant. English example: Who did that?
• In many languages (e.g., Czech, English, French, Interlingua, andRussian), the sets of relative and interrogative pronouns are nearly identical. Compare English: Who is that? (interrogative) to I knowwho that is. (relative)

Examples
(1). This is black. (2). That is heavy. (3). Can you see these?
2. There are 3 types of question ! what are they ?

Give the exemples for these 3 types !

There are three basic question types:

1. Yes/No: the answer is “yes or no”
2. Question-word: the answer is “information”
3. Choice: the answer is “in the question”

1. Yes/No questions

Sometimes the only answer that we need is yes or no. Look at these examples:

auxiliary verb	subject	not	main verb		answer: yes or no
Do	you		want	dinner?	Yes, I do.
Can	you		drive?		No, I can’t.
Has	she	not	finished	her work?	Yes, she has.
Did	they		go	home?	No, they didn’t.

2. Question-word questions

Sometimes we want more than yes or no for an answer. When asking for information, we usually place a question-word at the beginning of the sentence. The question-word indicates the information that we want, for example: where (place), when (time), why (reason), who (person). Look at these examples:

question word	auxiliary verb	not	subject	main verb		answer: information
Where	do		you	live?		In Paris.
When	will		we	have	lunch?	At 1pm.
Why	has	n’t	Tara	done	it?	Because she can’t.
Who(m)	did		she	meet?		She met Ram.
Who*	has			run	out?	Ati has run out.
Who**				ran	out?	Ati ran out.

3. Choice questions

Sometimes we give our listener a choice. We ask them to choose between two possible answers. So their answer is (usually) already in the question. Look at these examples:

auxiliary verb	subject	main verb		or		answer: in question
Do	you	want	tea	or	coffee?	Coffee, please.
Will	we	meet	John	or	James?	John.

Sumber ;

- https://opickipo.wordpress.com/

- https://1isd.wordpress.com/2012/04/29/tugas-softskill-bahasa-inggris-bisnis-2-pronouns-2/

Bahasa Inggris Bisnis 2

1.      Find the definition of subject, verb, object, and complement ( modifier ) ?

Make 5 sentences and determine those 4 element !

·         Subject                : The part of sentence or clause about which something is being said.

·         Verb                    : A word which shows action or state of being.

·         Object                 : The entity that is acted upon by the subject.

·         Complement       : Something that completes something else or makes it better.

·         Modifier              : A word or group of words that describes or limit a verb,noun,adjective,or

adverb.

Examples :
1. Hendra  (s)  got  (v)  me (o)  too  happy (c).
2. My teacher (s)  called  (v)  me (o)  a goodboy  (c).
3. My Father (s) makes (v) me (o) very happy (c).
4. I (s) knew (v)  what you did (o) last week (c).
5. vera smile (s) makes (v) me (o) fallin in love (c).

2.      Find the teory of subject – verb agreement !

·         If the subject is plural, the verb must be plural too.

·         If the subject is singular, the verb must be singular too.

·         If that when using 2 subject or more and also connected with word ‘and’, the verbs should be plural too.

Examples :

·         She and her friends are at the fair

·         The book or the pen is in the drawer

·         The woman with all the dogs walks down my street

·         He doesn't like it

·         Everybody knows Mr. Smith

Sumber :

-          https://opickipo.wordpress.com/

-          https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/599/1/

-          http://www.towson.edu/ows/moduleSVAGR.htm