TUGAS SOFTSKILL

RELATIVE CLAUSES

Defining relative clauses

We use defining relative clauses to give essential information about someone or something – information that we need in order to understand what or who is being referred to. A defining relative clause usually comes immediately after the noun it describes.

We usually use a relative pronoun (e.g. who, that, which, whose andwhom) to introduce a defining relative clause (In the examples, the relative clause is in bold, and the person or thing being referred to is underlined.):

They’re the people who want to buy our house.

Here are some cells which have been affected.

They should give the money to somebody who they think needs the treatment most.

Non-defining relative clauses

We use non-defining relative clauses to give extra information about the person or thing. It is not necessary information. We don’t need it to understand who or what is being referred to.

We always use a relative pronoun (who, which, whose or whom) to introduce a non-defining relative clause (In the examples, the relative clause is in bold, and the person or thing being referred to is underlined.)

Clare, who I work with, is doing the London marathon this year.

Not: Clare, I work with, is doing the London marathon this year.

Doctors use the testing kit for regular screening for lung and stomach cancers, which account for 70% of cancers treated in the western world.

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

The most common kind of conditional sentence that you are likely to meet will contain two clauses, one of which will start with the word if, as in If it rains, we'll have to stay at home. The clause without the if is the main clause of the sentence, while the if clause is subordinate. The order of the two clauses is generally not that important to the meaning of the sentence; so we can switch the if clause to the end of the sentence if we want to.

Most grammar books tend to recognise four basic configurations of tenses in conditional sentences which vary in structure according to the time that we are talking about (past, present or future) and the meaning. These four types are normally referred to as the zero, first, second and third conditionals; we will look at the forms and meanings of each of these in turn and also examine some of the alternatives to these four basic types.

1.      Conditional Sentence Type 0 conditional

Conditional type zero is used to talk about general truths, scientific facts or things which always happen under certain conditions.

If + Simple Present, + Simple Present

               

Examples:

-          - If you cross an international date line, the time changes.

-          - Phosphorus burns if you expose it to air.

-          - If I wake up early, I go jogging.

2.       Conditional Sentence Type 1

Often called the "real" conditional because it is used for real or possible situations. These situations take place if a certain condition is met. It is possible and also very likely that the condition will be fulfilled.

If + Simple Present, + Simple Future

Example:

-         -  If I have enough time, I'll watch the football match.

-          - I may have time to watch the match but I'm not sure about it.

3.       Conditional Sentence Type 2

Often called the "unreal" conditional because it is used for unreal impossible or improbable situations. This conditional provides an imaginary result for a given situation. It is very unlikely that the condition will be fulfilled.

if + Simple Past, + would + base verb

Example:

-         -  If I were a millionaire, I would buy a castle.

4.       Conditional Sentence Type 3

It is impossible that the condition will be met because it refers to the past.

if + Past Perfect, + would + have + Past Participle

Example:

-         -  If he had been careful, he wouldn't have had that terrible accident.

-          - Sometimes in the past, he was careless. He drove so fast. So he had a terrible accident